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1957        Jan 1, The state of Saarland, established in 1920 in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles, joined the Federal Republic of West Germany. The Nazis had called the area "Westmark." After World War II the Saarland had come under French administration.
    (Econ, 8/29/09, p.45)(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Saarland)

1957        Jan 2, The SF Stock Exchange merged with the Los Angeles Stock Exchange and formed the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange.
    (SFC, 7/24/98, p.B1)



1957        Jan 3,  The Hamilton Watch Company was the first to introduce an electric watch in Lancaster, Pa.
    (440 Int'l. 1/3/99)(MC, 1/3/02)

1957        Jan 5, President Eisenhower, in an address to Congress, proposed offering military assistance to Middle Eastern countries so they could resist Communist aggression; this became known as the Eisenhower Doctrine.
    (AP, 1/5/07)

1957        Jan 6, Elvis Presley made another appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show.
    (MC, 1/6/02)

1957        Jan 7, Katie Couric, [Katherine], TV news host (Today), was born in Arlington, VA.
    (MC, 1/7/02)

1957        Jan 9, British PM Anthony Eden resigned in the wake of the Suez crises.
    (AP, 1/9/99)(Econ, 7/29/06, p.23)

1957        Jan 10, Harold Macmillan became prime minister of Britain, following the resignation of Anthony Eden.
    (AP, 1/10/98)

1957        Jan 12, Harry Belafonte recorded "The Banana Boat Song."
    (SFC, 7/11/97, p.D18)

1957        Jan 13, The Wham-O Company produced the 1st Frisbee. It was initially called the Pluto Platter.
    (SFC, 7/1/02, p.B5)(MC, 1/13/02)

1957        Jan 14, Humphrey Bogart (57), actor, died in Los Angeles of cancer of the esophagus. His many films included  “Casablanca” and “Caine Mutiny.”
    (SFEC, 5/18/97, Par p.6)(AP, 1/14/07)

1957        Jan 16, Three B-52's (accompanied at first by two spare aircraft) took off from Castle Air Force Base in California on the first nonstop, round-the-world flight by jet planes, which lasted 45 hours and 19 minutes.
    (AP, 1/16/07)
1957        Jan 16, Arturo Toscanini (b.1867), Italian-US conductor (NBC), died in NYC. He led the NBC Symphony from 1937-1954. In 1978 Harvey Sachs wrote his biography. In 2002 Sachs edited "The Letters of Arturo Toscanini," his correspondence with Ada Mainardi.
    (www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073009/Arturo-Toscanini)(HN, 3/25/01)(WSJ, 4/30/02, p.D7)

1957        Jan 17, A 9-county commission recommended the creation of BART, the SF Bay Area Rapid Transport system.
    (MC, 1/17/02)

1957        Jan 18, A trio of B-52's completed the first nonstop, round-the-world flight by jet planes, landing at March Air Force Base in California after more than 45 hours aloft.
    (AP, 1/18/07)

1957        Jan 19, Pat Boone sang at President Eisenhower's inaugural ball.
    (MC, 1/19/02)

1957        Jan 20, President Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon were sworn in for their second terms of office in a private Sunday ceremony. A public ceremony was held the next day.
    (AP, 1/20/07)

1957        Jan 21, US Pres. Eisenhower was inaugurated.
    (EWH, 1968, p.1210)

1957        Jan 22, Suspected "Mad Bomber" George P. Metesky, accused of planting more than 30 explosive devices in the New York City area, was arrested in Waterbury, Conn. He was later found mentally ill and committed to a mental hospital; he was released in 1973, and died in 1994 at age 90.
    (AP, 1/22/98)(AP, 1/22/04)
1957        Jan 22, Israel completed its evacuation of Egyptian territory, excepting the Gaza Strip and the area of Aqaba.
    (EWH, 1968, p.1242)

1957        Jan 23, Princess Caroline of Monaco, was born.
    (HN, 1/23/99)
1957        Jan 23, Willie Edwards (25), US black, was murdered by KKK.
    (MC, 1/23/02)

1957        Jan, France began sending troops to Algeria to crush the rebel movement in what came to be called "The Battle for Algiers."
    (SFC, 5/11/01, p.D4)

1957        Feb 1, Friedrich von Paulus (66), German field marshal (Stalingrad), died.
    (MC, 2/1/02)

1957        Feb 5, Joseph Benson Hardaway (b.1895), animation director and voice actor, died. Nicknamed "Bugs," he was instrumental in naming the character "Bugs Bunny" when, while working on the film short "Hare-um, Scare-um," an animator handed him a model sheet of the rabbit character.
    (www.findagrave.com/php/famous.php?page=pr&FSctf=170)

1957        Feb 10, Southern Christian Leadership Conference formed.
    (MC, 2/10/02)

1957        Feb 12, Researchers announced the development of Borazan, a substance harder than diamonds.
    (MC, 2/12/02)

1957        Feb 14, The Georgia Senate approved Sen Leon Butts' bill barring blacks from playing baseball with whites.
    (HN, 2/14/98)(MC, 2/14/02)
1957        Feb 14, The “Southern Leadership Conference” was formed in New Orleans, Louisiana. Officers were elected which included: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as President, Dr. Ralph David Abernathy as Financial Secretary-Treasurer, Rev. C. K. Steele of Tallahassee, Florida as Vice President, Rev. T. J. Jemison of Baton Rouge, Louisiana as Secretary, and Attorney I. M. Augustine of New Orleans, Louisiana as General Counsel. In August the name was changed to "Southern Christian Leadership Conference" at its first convention in Montgomery, Alabama.
    (http://sclcnational.org/net/content/item.aspx?s=25461.0.12.2607)

1957        Feb 15, Andrei Gromyko replaced Dmitri T. Shepilov as the Soviet Foreign Minister.
    (HN, 2/15/98)

1957        Feb 16, LeVar Burton, (Roots, Star Trek Next Generation), was born in Landstuhl, Germany.
    (MC, 2/16/02)
1957        Feb 16, A U.S. flag flew over an outpost in Wilkes Land, Antarctica.
    (HN, 2/16/98)

1957        Feb 17, Suez Canal reopened.
    (MC, 2/17/02)

1957        Feb 18, Robert Mitchum recorded "Robert Mitchum Calypso - Is Like So," with Mitchum singing a kind of pidgin English.
    (SFC, 7/11/97, p.D18)

1957        Feb 22, A skull was found by a crew digging a trench for an air conditioning system in downtown LA. The site was later planned to be used for a new Roman Catholic cathedral. An anthropologist identified the skull onsite as characteristic of native Americans prior to the Spanish arrival. Native Indian groups later contended the site a possible ancient burial ground and held up the construction plans. In 1997 the skull was reported lost.
    (SFC,10/27/97, p.C2)

1957        Feb 25, Buddy Holly and the Crickets recorded "That'll Be the Day."
    (MC, 2/25/02)
1957        Feb 25, The US Supreme Court, in Butler v. Michigan, overturned a Michigan statute making it a misdemeanor to sell books containing obscene language that would tend to corrupt "the morals of youth."
    (AP, 2/25/07)
1957        Feb 25, Supreme Court decided 6-3 that baseball is the only antitrust exempt pro sport.
    (MC, 2/25/02)

1957        Feb 27, Mao made his speech "On Correct Handling of Contradictions Among People."
    (MC, 2/27/02)

1957        Feb, Basil Hirschowitz (b.1925), South Africa born gastroenterologist, introduced the first prototype “fiberscope.” He had begun work using glass fibers to transmit light in 1954 while at the Univ. of Michigan. Fiber optics later revolutionized telecommunications and surgery.
    (www.case.edu/artsci/dittrick/site2/museum/artifacts/group-d/fiberscope.htm)(Econ, 10/18/08, p.92)

1957        Mar 1, "Ziegfeld Follies of 1957" opened at Winter Garden NYC for 123 performances.
    (SC, 3/1/02)
1957        Mar 1, Kokomo the Chimp became the Today Show animal editor.
    (SC, 3/1/02)

1957        Mar 2, Boxer Carlos Ortiz won a technical knockout against Lou Filippo (1925-2009). Filippo was originally awarded a victory in the 1st bout against Ortiz after being hit after the bell, but a Times reporter questioned a member of the California State Athletic Commission about that ruling, and the no-contest decision was invoked. Filippo lost the next fight to Ortiz about a month later, and retired at 23-9-3 with 8 knockouts and one no-contest. Both were later named to the Boxing Hall of Fame. Filippo went on to play a role in all five of the “Rocky” movies.
    (www.badlefthook.com/2009/11/5/1117708/lou-filippo-1925-2009)(SFC, 11/6/09, p.C5)

1957        Mar 3, Corry Brokken won Eurovision Song festival with "Just as then."
    (SC, 3/3/02)

1957        Mar 5, Britain adopted a plan to triple nuclear energy production by 1965.
    (HN, 3/5/98)
1957        Mar 5, Eamon de Valera's Fianna Fail-party won election in Ireland. DeValera (1882-1975) was elected Taoiseach (prime minister) and served his 3rd term as PM.
    (MC, 3/5/02)(www.apostles.com/devalera.html)(ON, 9/04, p.7)

1957        Mar 6, The former British African colonies of the Gold Coast and Togoland became the independent state of Ghana. Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, gained independence from Britain. US VP Nixon and Martin Luther King attended the independence ceremony.
    (SFC, 12/6/96, p.B1)(SFEM, 2/2/97, p.15)(SSFC, 2/11/07, p.C1)

1957        Mar 8, Israeli troops left Egypt. Suez Canal re-opened for minor ships.
    (MC, 3/8/02)

1957        Mar 9, An 8.1 earthquake shook the Andreanof Islands, Alaska.
    (MC, 3/9/02)
1957        Mar 9, Egyptian leader Nasser barred U.N. plans to share the tolls for the use of the Suez Canal.
    (HN, 3/9/98)

1957        Mar 10, Thousands of soccer fans rioted in Italy.
    (MC, 3/10/02)

1957        Mar 11, Charles Van Doren's 14-week run on the rigged NBC game show "Twenty-One" ended as he was "defeated" by attorney Vivienne Nearing; Van Doren's take was $129,000.
    (AP, 3/11/07)
1957        Mar 11, American explorer Richard E. Byrd died in Boston at age 68.
    (AP, 3/11/07)

1957        Mar 12, German DR accepted 22 Russian armed divisions.
    (MC, 3/12/02)
1957        Mar 12, In Israel Rudolf Kasztner, hailed by admirers as a Holocaust hero for saving thousands of Jews, was assassinated by Jewish extremists. Critics had reviled him as a collaborator who "sold his soul." Kasztner, a Zionist leader in Hungary during World War II, headed the Relief and Rescue Committee, a small Jewish group that negotiated with Nazi officials to rescue Hungarian Jews in exchange for money, goods and military equipment.
    (AP, 7/23/07)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kastner)

1957        Mar 13, The FBI arrested Jimmy Hoffa on bribery charges.
    (HN, 3/13/98)
1957        Mar 13, Bloody battles followed an anti-Batista demonstration in Havana, Cuba.
    (MC, 3/13/02)

1957        Mar 15, Burton Abbot was executed for the 1955 abduction and killing of 14-year-old Stephanie Bryan.
    (SFEC, 11/17/96, p.C17)

1957        Mar 16, Constantin Brancusi (b.1876), Romanian-born French sculptor, died. He willed his studio and work to France.
    (WSJ, 3/30/00, p.A28)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C5%9Fi)

1957        Mar 17, In the Philippines a plane crash on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu killed Pres. Ramon Magsaysay (b.1907). 25 of the 26 passengers and crew aboard were killed.
    (AP, 8/2/10)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay)

1957        Mar 19, Pete Seibert (1924-2002) climbed to a summit in the Colorado Rockies with Earl Eaton, a uranium prospector, and beheld the area that he later turned into the Vail ski resort.
    (SFC, 7/29/02, p.B5)

1957        Mar 20, Shelton 'Spike' Lee, film director (Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X), was born.
    (HN, 3/20/01)
1957        Mar 20, In Washington state the Dalles Dam pushed back the Columbia River to reap the benefits of hydroelectric power. In six hours the islands of Celilo Falls were gone forever beneath a mockingly tranquil reservoir pool.
    (AP, 3/3/07)
1957        Mar 20, Britain accepted a NATO offer to mediate in Cyprus, but Greece rejected it.
    (MC, 3/20/02)

1957        Mar 21, Tennessee Williams' "Orpheus Descending," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 3/21/02)
1957        Mar 21, US President Eisenhower and British PM Harold Macmillan began a four-day conference in Bermuda.
    (AP, 3/21/07)
1957        Mar 21, Vice President Nixon returned to the U.S. after spending three weeks on a tour of Africa.
    (HN, 3/21/98)

1957        Mar 22, An earthquake, centered in Daly City, Ca., hit the SF Bay Area and caused extensive damage to Mary’s Help Hospital.
    (Ind, 8/11/01, 5A)(CW, Winter 04, p.45)(DCFD, Centennial, 2007)

1957        Mar 23, US army sold its last homing pigeons.
    (SS, 3/23/02)

1957        Mar 25, US Police and customs agents seized copies of “Howl” by Allen Ginsberg. In May Ferlinghetti was arrested along with City Lights manager Shigeyoshi Murao (d.1999) on obscenity charges. The defending attorney was J.W. Ehrlich. By the Fall Judge Clayton Horn found the poem of "redeeming social importance." Shig later managed City Lights and authored the occasional "Shig's Review." In 2006 Bill Morgan and Nancy J. Peters edited “Howl On Trial: The Battle for Free Expression.”
    (SFEC, 11/28/99, BR p.10)(www.citylights.com/His/CLhowlhist.html)(SSFC, 11/5/06, p.M3)
1957        Mar 25, The Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community were signed in Rome. The Treaty of Rome enabled people, goods, services and money to move unchecked throughout the Union. The Council of Ministers represents the governments of the members. Major decisions are made by the Council of Foreign Ministers. A 20-member Commission composed of appointed representatives of each member state serves as the administrative arm and members represent the Union. The Commission proposes and executes laws and policies. A European Parliament is composed of 626 members elected by the electorates of the member states and they sit in party groups. The Commission proposes, the Parliament advises, and the Council decides. The goal was to create a common market for all products but especially coal and steel.
    (AP, 3/25/97)(HN, 3/24/98)(http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/eec.htm)

1957        Mar 27, In the 29th Academy Awards "Around the World in 80 Days" won the Academy Award for best picture; Yul Brynner won best actor for "The King and I," Ingrid Bergman was awarded best actress for "Anastasia" and George Stevens received best director for "Giant."
    (AP, 3/27/07)

1957        Mar 29, Joyce A.L. Cary (68), English writer (Horse's Mouth), died.
    (MC, 3/29/02)

1957        Mar 30, Tunisia and Morocco signed a friendship treaty in Rabat.
    (HN, 3/30/98)

1957        Mar 31, The original version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Cinderella," starring Julie Andrews, aired live in color on CBS.
    (AP, 3/31/07)

1957        Apr 3, Samuel Beckett's "Endgame," premiered in London.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.369)(MC, 4/3/02)

1957        Apr 4, Heitor Villa-Lobos' 10th Symphony, premiered in Paris.
    (MC, 4/4/02)

1957        Apr 6, NYC ended trolley car service.
    (MC, 4/6/02) 

1957        Apr 7, The last of New York City’s electric trolleys completed its final run from the city’s borough of Queens to Manhattan.
    (AP, 4/7/97)

1957        Apr 10, John Osborne’s play “The Entertainer,” starring Laurence Olivier, opened in London.
    (AP, 4/10/07)
1957        Apr 10, Egypt reopened the Suez Canal to all shipping traffic. The canal had been closed due to wreckage resulting from the Suez Crisis.
    (AP, 4/10/08)\

1957        Apr 11, The Ryan X-13 Vertijet became the 1st jet to take-off and land vertically.
    (MC, 4/11/02)

1957        Apr 13, The jury-deliberation movie drama "12 Angry Men," starring Henry Fonda, opened in New York.
    (AP, 4/13/07)
1957        Apr 13, Due to lack of funds, Saturday mail delivery in US was temporarily halted.
    (MC, 4/13/02)

1957        Apr 15, Saturday mail delivery was restored after Congress gave the PO $41 million.
    (MC, 4/15/02)

1957        Apr 19, Charles Funk (76), Encyclopedist (Funk & Wagnall’s), died.
    (MC, 4/19/02)

1957        Apr 21, In the 11th Tony Awards: Long Day's Journey into  Night and My Fair Lady won. Edie Adams won a Tony award for supporting actress as Daisy Mae in “Li’l Abner.”
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Tony_Awards)(SFC, 10/17/08, p.A2)

1957        Apr 25, The 1st experimental sodium nuclear reactor operated.
    (SS, 4/25/02)

1957        Apr 26, Jamestown, Va., 350th Anniversary Festival opened.
    (MC, 4/26/02)

1957        Apr 27, Mario A. Gianini, creator of the maraschino cherry, died.
    (MC, 4/27/02)

1957        Apr 29, The 1st military nuclear power plant was dedicated at Fort Belvoir, Va.
    (MC, 4/29/02)

1957        Apr, Ricky Nelson sang his version of “I’m Walkin” by Fats Domino on “The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet” TV show.
    (SSFC, 1/15/06, p.C1)
1957        Apr, Mao experimented under the slogan: “Let a hundred flowers bloom, and a hundred schools of thought contend." Alarmed at the resulting barrage of criticism, he reversed course and some 300,000 of intellectuals were jailed or sent to the countryside to do manual labor.
    (SFC, 10/1/99, p.A14)(http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/9-8-82.shtml)

1957        May 2, Crime boss Frank Costello narrowly survived an attempt on his life in New York; the alleged gunman, Vincent "The Chin" Gigante, was acquitted at trial after Costello refused to identify him as the shooter.
    (AP, 5/2/07)
1957        May 2, Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy (48), the controversial Republican from Wisconsin, died at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland. McCarthy drank himself to death.
    (AP, 5/2/97)(WSJ, 2/9/00, p.A26)

1957        May 3, A low flying Navy bomber, while practicing evasion maneuvers, sheared two high-voltage lines in the East Bay of San Francisco causing a power outage in SF and the Peninsula.
    (SFC, 5/4/09, p.B2)

1957        May 4, It was reported that NATO has warned the Soviet Union that it would meet any attack with all available meads including nuclear weapons.
    (SFC, 5/4/09, p.B2)
1957        May 4, The Anne Frank Foundation formed in Amsterdam.
    (MC, 5/4/02)

1957        May 6, Eugene O'Neill's play "Long Day's Journey into Night" won the Pulitzer Prize for drama; John F. Kennedy's "Profiles in Courage" won the Pulitzer for biography or autobiography.
    (AP, 5/6/07)
1957        May 6, Last broadcast of "I Love Lucy" on CBS-TV. [see Jun 24]
    (MC, 5/6/02)

1957        May 9, Ezio F. Pinza, Italian bass (La Scala of Milan, NY Met Opera, Broadway musicals), died.
    (MC, 5/9/02)

1957        May 10, Sid Vicious, [John Simon Ritchie], bassist (Sex Pistols), was born in England.
    (MC, 5/10/02)

1957        May 12, Erich von Stroheim (b.1885), Austrian-US actor and director, died of cancer in Paris. His films included "Grand Illusion," "The Merry Widow," and "Greed." In 2000 Arthur Lennig published the biography "Stroheim."
    (WSJ, 2/23/00, p.A20)(http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002233/)

1957        May 13, Jean Peters (d.2000 at 73), actress, married Howard Hughes (51) in Tonopah, Nev.
    (SFC, 10/21/00, p.A24)

1957         May 15, The 1st British hydrogen bomb was detonated on Christmas Island in South Pacific. The 200 - 300 kilotons yield was less than expected.
    (www.atomicarchive.com/Timeline/Time1950.shtml)

1957        May 16, Pope Pius XII published his encyclical Invicti Athletae.
    (MC, 5/16/02)

1957        May 18, In the 83rd Preakness: Eddie Arcaro aboard Bold Ruler won in 1:56.2.
    (SC, 5/18/02)

1957        May 22, South Africa government approved race separation in universities.
    (MC, 5/22/02)

1957        May 24, Anti-American rioting broke out in Taipei, Taiwan.
    (AP, 5/24/07)

1957        May 25, "Shinbone Alley" closed at Broadway Theater in NYC after 49 performances.
    (SC, 5/25/02)

1957        May 28, The National League approved the move of the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants baseball teams to Los Angeles and San Francisco.
    (AP, 5/28/97)

1957        May 29, British-born Hollywood director James Whale ("Frankenstein") was found dead in his swimming pool, a suicide; he was 67.
    (AP, 5/29/07)
1957        May 29, Algerian rebels killed 336 collaborators.
    (SC, 5/29/02)
1957        May 29, Laos Government of prince Suvanna Phuma resigned.
    (SC, 5/29/02)
1957        May 29, George Bacovia [Vasiliu] Romanian poet, composer (Plumb), died at 75.
    (SC, 5/29/02)

1957        May 30, In California Santa’s Village, a Christmas theme park, opened in Scotts Valley. It filed for bankruptcy in 1977 and finally closed in 1979.
    (SFC, 5/31/08, p.B2)(www.santasvillage.net/santas.village.scotts.valley.html)

1957        May, Frank Lloyd Wright (89) traveled to Iraq to design an opera house for Baghdad. His multi-building scheme was never built.
    (WSJ, 8/20/03, p.D12)
1957        May, Two US fighter planes were scrambled and ordered to shoot down an unidentified flying object (UFO) over the English countryside. This was only made public on Oct 20, 2008, when Britain made public secret files on UFOs.
    (Reuters, 10/20/08)

1957        Jun 7, Mrs. Elizabeth S. Kingsley, double-Crostic puzzle creator, died.
    (SC, 6/7/02)

1957        Jun 8, Mao ordered an "anti-rightist" witch hunt and Deng Xiaoping executed it.
    (www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1959/05/chinawilt.htm)

1957        Jun 10, John Diefenbaker, Progressive Conservative Party, was elected PM of Canada. He served until 1963.
    (CFA, '96, p.81)(HN, 9/18/98)(MC, 6/10/02)
1957        Jun 10, Harold MacMillan became British PM.
    (MC, 6/10/02)

1957        Jun 11, 12 died in a train crash in Vroman, Colo.
    (SC, 6/11/02)

1957        Jun 12, Bandleader Jimmy Dorsey (53) died in New York.
    (AP, 6/12/07)

1957        Jun 13, The Mayflower 2, a replica of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America in 1620, arrived at Plymouth, Mass., after a nearly two-month journey from England.
    (AP, 6/13/07)

1957        Jun 16, There was a French offensive in Algeria.
    (MC, 6/16/02)

1957        Jun 17, The Tuskegee boycott began as Blacks boycotted city stores.
    (MC, 6/17/02)
1957        Jun 17, Mob underboss Frank Scalice was shot to death at a produce market in the Bronx, N.Y.
    (AP, 6/17/07)

1957        Jun 19, Walt Disney’s movie "Johnny Tremain" was released in movie theaters.
    (DT, 6/19/97)

1957        Jun 24, "I Love Lucy," last aired on CBS-TV. [see May 6]
    (MC, 6/24/02)
1957        Jun 24, A 37-kiloton nuclear fission bomb, code-named Priscilla, was exploded in the Nevada desert at Frenchman Flat. The security of a bank vault was tested in the experiment. At this time the US was manufacturing 10 nuclear bombs a day.
    (SSFC, 8/22/04, p.E1)

1957        Jun 26, Hurricane Audrey hit Louisiana earlier than expected. It left at least 390 people dead with 192 missing in Louisiana and Texas.
    (SFC, 6/26/09, p.D10)

1957        Jun 27, More than 500 people were killed after Hurricane Audrey slammed through coastal Louisiana and Texas.
    (AP, 6/27/97)
1957        Jun 27, Malcolm Lowry (b.1909), English novelist, died in Sussex, England. He is best known for his novel “Under the Volcano” (1947). In 2007 Michael Hofmann edited “The Voyage That Never Ends: Malcolm Lowry in His Own Words.”
    (www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mlowry.htm)(SFC, 9/3/07, p.E2)

1957        Jun 30, The American occupation headquarters in Japan was dissolved.
    (HN, 6/30/98)

1957        Jul 1, The International Geophysical Year, an 18-month global scientific study, began. 12 nations established over 60 stations in Antarctica. The beginning of international cooperation in Antarctica and the start of the process by which Antarctica becomes "non-national."
    (AP, 7/1/07)(http://tinyurl.com/337joj)

1957        Jul 2, Mike Anger, rocker (The Blow Monkeys-Wicked Ways), was born.
    (SC, 7/2/02)
1957        Jul 2, The Seawolf, the 1st submarine powered by liquid metal cooled reactor, was completed.
    (SC, 7/2/02)
1957        Jul 2, Grayback, the 1st submarine designed to fire guided missiles, was launched.
    (SC, 7/2/02)

1957        Jul 4, In Italy the new Fiat 500 was launched.
    (Econ, 7/14/07, p.69)

1957        Jul 6, Althea Gibson (1927-2003) became the first black tennis player to win a Wimbledon singles title, defeating fellow American Darlene Hard 6-3, 6-2.
    (AP, 7/6/97)(SFC, 9/29/03, p.A1)

1957        Jul 8, Irish premier Eamon de Valera arrested Sinn-Fein leaders.
    (MC, 7/8/02)
1957        Jul 8, William Cadbury (89), chocolate maker, died.
    (MC, 7/8/02)

1957        Jul 12, The U.S. surgeon general, Leroy E. Burney (d.1998 at 91), reported that there is a direct link between smoking and lung cancer. Dr. John Altshuler (1931-2004) co-researched the "Joint Report of Study Group on Smoking and Health," published by the US Public Health Service.
    (HN, 7/12/98)(SFC, 8/5/98, p.A17)(SFC, 2/7/04, p.A20)
1957        Jul 12, Santa Susana in Los Angeles County began receiving the nation’s first commercial electricity from a small, civilian-owned, nuclear reactor. It was shut down in 1964 and scientists later reported that the plant might be responsible hundreds of cancer cases. PG&E had teamed with General Electric to establish the Vallecitos atomic energy plant, the world’s 1st privately owned and operated nuclear facility.
    (SFC, 4/7/01, p.A5)(SSFC, 4/8/07, p.A18)

1957        Jul 14, Soviet steamer "Eshghbad" sank in Caspian Sea and 270 drowned.
    (MC, 7/14/02)

1957        Jul 15, James M. Cox (b.1870), 3-time Ohio governor and founder of Cox Enterprises, died. Cox was defeated in the 1920 Presidential Election by fellow Ohioan Senator Warren G. Harding of Marion, Ohio. He left his family a business that included broadcast properties and a string of newspapers.
    (WSJ, 6/2/07, p.A5)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cox)

1957        Jul 16, Marine Maj. John Glenn set a transcontinental speed record when he flew a jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds.
    (AP, 7/16/97)

1957        Jul 17, Leona Gage (1939-2010) of Maryland won the Miss USA title as part of the Miss Universe Pageant in Long Beach, Ca. Officials soon stripped her of the title after learning that she was a mother of two and had lied about her age.
    (SFC, 10/13/10, p.C5)(www.oocities.com/televisioncity/9699/mc57.htm)
1957        Jul 17, Lila Bliss found her daughter, Juliette Hampton Morgan (b.1914), dead next to an empty bottle of sleeping pills. In 1936 Juliette had signed a pledge with other women in Montgomery, Alabama, to no longer remain silent in the face of crime done in their name. In 2007 Mary Stanton authored “Journey Toward Justice,” a biography of Juliette Hampton Morgan.
    (WSJ, 2/17/07, p.P13)

1957        Jul 22, Walter "Fred" Morrison applied for a patent for a "flying toy" which became known as the Frisbee.
    (AP, 7/22/07)
1957        Jul 22, In El Segundo, Ca., 2 police officers were shot and killed after pulling over a car for running a red light. Gerald Mason (68) was arrested in 2003 following fingerprint ID from a new FBI database.
    (SFC, 1/30/03, p.A5)

1957        Jul 23, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (b.1896), Sicilian aristocrat and writer, died. His classic novel “Il Gattopardo” (The Leopard), was published in 1958. It included the line: “If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change.” David Gilmour later authored the biography “The Last Leopard” (1991).
    (WSJ, 12/9/06, p.P24)(Econ, 12/12/09, p.61)

1957        Jul 25, The monarchy in Tunisia was abolished in favor of a republic.
    (AP, 7/25/07)

1957        Jul 26, Pres. Carlos Castillo Armas of Guatemala was assassinated.
    (WUD, 1994, p.1685)
1957        Jul 26, USSR launched the 1st intercontinental multistage ballistic missile.
    (MC, 7/26/02)

1957        Jul 28, The Situationist International (SI) was formed at a meeting in the Italian village of Cosio d'Arroscia with the fusion of several extremely small avant-garde artistic tendencies: the Lettrist International, the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus (an off-shoot of COBRA), and the London Psychogeographical Association. The groups came together intending to reawaken the radical political potential of surrealism. The group also later drew ideas from the left communist group Socialisme ou Barbarie.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International)
1957        Jul 28, The 6th World Youth Festival opened in Moscow with the motto “For Peace and Friendship.” Some 34,000 participated from 131 countries. The 1st such conference was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1947. This festival also marked the international debut of the song "Moscow Nights", which subsequently went on to become perhaps the most widely recognized Russian song in the world.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students)

1957        Jul 29, The International Atomic Energy Agency was established.
    (AP, 7/29/97)

1957        Jul 29, Jack Paar made his debut as host of NBC’s late-night TV show "Tonight" and stayed on till 1962..
    (WSJ, 5/1/97, p.A16)(SFC, 5/7/97, p.E1)(AP, 7/29/97)

1957        Jul 31, The Distant Early Warning Line, a system of radar stations designed to detect Soviet bombers approaching North America, went into operation.
    (AP, 7/31/07)

1957        Jul, Two "unarmed" nuclear bombs were dropped off Cape May, N.J., by a cargo plane that developed engine trouble. They were never found.
    (SFEC, 11/22/98, Par p.22)
1957        Jul, Work began on San Francisco’s Central Freeway with construction costs at $7.8 million. It opened in 1959.
    (SFC, 8/21/96, p.A16)(SFC, 1/3/07, p.B1)

1957        Aug 1, The United States and Canada reached agreement to create the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD).
    (AP, 8/1/97)
1957        Aug 1, Lewis Hill (b.1919) committed suicide in Duncan Mills, Sonoma County, Ca. He had helped found Pacifica Radio (KPFA).
    (SFC, 7/22/99, p.E5)(www.ringnebula.com/folio/Issue-12/Conversation_Joy_Hill.htm)

1957        Aug 5, "American Bandstand," a teenage dance show hosted by Dick Clark in Philadelphia, made its network debut on ABC-TV.
    (WSJ, 3/24/97, p.B1)(SFC, 11/10/99, p.E3)(AP, 8/5/07)

1957        Aug 6, The Japanese Nikkei Index pulled ahead of the Dow Jones Index. The Nikkei peaked at 38,915 on Dec 31, 1989.
    (WSJ, 9/5/01, p.C1)

1957        Aug 7, Oliver Hardy (65), the heavier half of the Laurel and Hardy comedy team, died in North Hollywood, Calif.
    (AP, 8/7/07)

1957        Aug 11, Paul Hindemith's opera "Harmonie der Welt," premiered in Munich.
    (MC, 8/11/02)

1957        Aug 15, The musical "West Side Story," composed by Leonard Bernstein and based on a concept by Jerome Robbins, first opened in Washington D.C. The story was by Arthur Laurents and the lyrics were by Stephen Sondheim.
    (SFEM, 5/23/99, p.18)

1957        Aug 19, The first balloon flight to exceed 100,000 feet took off from Crosby, Minnesota. US Major David Simons reached 30,933 m. in a balloon.
    (HN, 8/19/00)(MC, 8/19/02)

1957        Aug 21, Kim Sledge, vocalist (Sister Sledge-We are Family), was born in Phila.
    (SC, 8/21/02)

1957        Aug 25, Prince Suvanna Phuma formed a government in LAOS with the Pathet Lao.
    (MC, 8/25/02)

1957        Aug 26, Ford Motor Company revealed the Edsel, its latest luxury car.
    (HN, 8/26/99)
1957        Aug 26, The Soviet Union announced it had successfully tested an intercontinental ballistic missile.
    (AP, 8/26/97)

1957        Aug 28, Sen Thurmond began a 24-hr filibuster against civil rights bill.
    (MC, 8/28/01)

1957        Aug 29, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957. South Carolina Sen. Strom Thurmond (then a Democrat) ended a filibuster against a civil rights bill after talking for 24 hours and 18 minutes. Arnold Aronson (d.1998 at 86) help to lobby for the bill.
    (AP, 8/29/97)(SFC, 2/20/98, p.A23)(SSFC, 12/17/00, Par p.15)

1957        Aug 31, The Federation of Malaya (Malaysia) gained independence from Britain (National Day). Malaysia established itself as a constitutional monarchy. Article 11 in the constitution gave every person “the right to profess and practice his religion.” Pro-bumiputra (sons of the soil) discrimination was laid down in the constitution to ease Malays’ fears of being marginalized by Chinese and Indian migrants. A 1988 amendment denied the regular courts all jurisdiction over matters dealt with by the Muslim sharia courts.
    (YN, 8/31/99)(SFC, 11/22/01, p.A29)(AP, 8/31/07)(Econ, 9/1/07, p.11)

1957        Sep 1, Gloria Estefan, singer (Miami Sound Machine-Conga, 1-2-3), was born in Cuba.
    (SC, 9/1/02)

1957        Sep 2, Pres. Eisenhower signed the Price-Anderson Act, which limited firms’ liability in commercial nuclear disasters. The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act, a United States federal law, has since been renewed several times since its passage.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-Anderson_Nuclear_Industries_Indemnity_Act)(SSFC, 4/8/07, p.A18)
1957        Sep 2, Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Central High School in Little Rock. Pres. Eisenhower soon responded with Federal troops to enforce federal law for integration. The nine students, mentored by Daisy Gatson (d.1999 at 84) went on to lead very productive lives as detailed in a 1997 retrospective.
    (www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=89)(SFC, 4/28/00, p.A11)

1957        Sep 4, Arkansas National guardsmen turned away Black students from Central High School in Little Rock. 9 students made it into the school on September 24 under the protection of federal troops sent by Pres. Eisenhower. In 2007 Elizabeth Jacoway authored “Turn Away Thy Son: Little Rock, the Crises That Shocked the Nation.”
    (AH, 10/07, p.61)
1957        Sep 4, Ford Motor Co. introduced the 1958 Edsel. It was designed by Roy Brown and sold only 173,000 units through 1960.
    (SFEC, 8/31/97, p.D12)(AP, 9/4/97)

1957        Sep 5, Viking Press first published "On the Road" by Jack Kerouac. Kerouac typed out the manuscript in 20 days on a single roll of teletype paper. In 1997 his book of notes from the early 1950s: "Some of the Dharma" was published.
    (SFEC, 8/31/97, BR p.8)(SSFC, 1/30/05, p.A19)(AP, 9/5/07)
1957        Sep 5, Cuban dictator Batista bombed the Cienfuegos uprising.
    (MC, 9/5/01)

1957        Sep 7, The original version of the animated NBC peacock logo, used to denote programs "brought to you in living color," made its debut at the beginning of "Your Hit Parade."
    (AP, 9/7/07)

1957        Sep 8, Pope Pius XII posted his encyclical On motion pictures, radio, TV.
    (MC, 9/8/01)

1957        Sep 9, President Eisenhower signed into law the first civil rights bill to pass Congress since Reconstruction.
    (AP, 9/9/97)
1957        Sep 9, Nashville's new Hattie Cotton Elementary School was dynamited.
    (MC, 9/9/01)

1957        Sep 12, James Vicary (b.1915), a market researcher, announced that he had invented a new way to get people to buy things, whether they wanted them or not. He called it subliminal advertising and said that he had tested the process at a New Jersey movie theater. In 1962 he admitted that his results were fabricated in order to drum up business for his market research firm. A subliminal projector called a tachistoscope had been used during World War II in training soldiers to recognize enemy aircraft. A book published in 1898 (The New Psychology by E.W. Scripture) laid out most of the principles of subliminal response.
    (WSJ, 11/5/07, p.B1)(www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_187.html)
1957        Sep 12, Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus visited the US.
    (MC, 9/12/01)

1957        Sep 14, Pres. Eisenhower met with Arkansas Gov. Faubus in Rhode Island. Gov. Faubus agree to cooperate with the president’s decisions regarding the high schools of Little Rock.
    (http://tinyurl.com/2vggdj)

1957        Sep 17, Two male attorneys "stood in" as actress Sophia Loren and producer Carlo Ponti were married by proxy in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Legal issues later forced an annulment; the couple wed in Sevres, France, in 1966.
    (AP, 9/17/07)
1957        Sep 17, The Thai army seized power in Bangkok.
    (HN, 9/17/98)

1957        Sep 18, "Wagon Train" premiered.
    (MC, 9/18/01)

1957        Sep 19, The United States conducted its first underground nuclear test, code-named "Rainier," in the Nevada desert.
    (AP, 9/19/07)
1957        Sep 19, Eight engineers, who had recently left Shockley Semiconductor, signed papers to form Fairchild Semiconductor in Santa Clara County. Jean A. Hoerni (1925-1997) was one of the "Fairchild Eight." He was credited with building the bridge from the transistor to the integrated circuit. Eugene Kleiner (d.2003), another co-founder, helped found the Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers venture capital firm in 1972. The other engineers included Julius Blank, Jay Last, Victor Grinich (d.2000 at 75), Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce and Sheldon Roberts. NYC bankers Arthur Rock and Bud Coyle helped the engineers start Fairchild Semiconductor.
    (SFC, 2/5/97, p.A20)(SFC, 11/11/00, p.A26)(SFC, 11/26/03, p.D1)(SSFC, 9/30/07, p.F1)

1957        Sep 20, "M Squad," starring Lee Marvin, premiered on NBC-TV.
    (AP, 9/20/07)
1957        Sep 20, Jean Julius Christian Sibelius (b.1865), Finnish composer (Finlandia), died.
    (SFC, 10/14/97, p.B3)(WUD, 1994, p.1323)(AP, 9/20/07)

1957        Sep 21, "Perry Mason," starring Raymond Burr, premiered on CBS-TV. The show ran to 1965 and returned in 1985.
    (AP, 9/21/97)(SFC, 8/20/99, p.D6)
1957        Sep 21, Norway's King Haakon VII died in Oslo at age 85.
    (AP, 9/21/07)

1957        Sep 22, The TV series "Maverick" premiered on ABC.
    (AP, 9/22/07)

1957        Sep 23, "That'll Be Day" by Buddy Holly & Crickets reached #1.
    (MC, 9/23/01)
1957        Sep 23, Nine black students who had entered Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas were forced to withdraw because of a white mob outside. Pres. Eisenhower signed Executive Order 10730 to send Federal troops to maintain order and peace while the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, AR, took place.
    (AP, 9/23/97)(www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=89)

1957        Sep 24, The Brooklyn Dodgers played their last game at Ebbets Field, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates 2-to-0.
    (AP, 9/24/97)
1957        Sep 24, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to protect nine black students entering its newly integrated high school.
    (HN, 9/24/98)

1957        Sep 25, With 300 members of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division standing guard, nine black children forced to withdraw from Central High School in Little Rock, Ark., because of unruly white crowds, were escorted to class. Vice principle Elizabeth Huckaby (d.1999 at 93) escorted the children and in 1980 published "Crisis at Central High."
    (SFC, 3/26/99, p.D5)(AP, 9/25/07)

1957        Sep 26, The musical "West Side Story" by Leonard Bernstein and Jerome Robbins opened on Broadway.
    (SFC, 8/9/96, p.D1)(AP, 9/26/97)
1957        Sep 26, Dag Hammarskjold was re-elected secretary-general of UN.
    (MC, 9/26/01)

1957        Sep 29, The New York Giants played their last game at the Polo Grounds, losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates, 9-to-1. The Giants moved to San Francisco.
    (AP, 9/29/97)
1957        Sep 29, The Brooklyn Dodgers played their last game before moving to Los Angeles, losing to the Phillies 2-1 in Philadelphia.
    (AP, 9/29/07)
1957        Sep 29, In Montgomery, West Pakistan (later renamed to Sahiwal, Pakistan), an express train collided with stationary oil train and 250 people were killed.
    (SFC, 6/4/98, p.A15)(AP, 2/18/04)

1957        Oct 1, The motto "In God We Trust" began appearing on US paper currency.
    (AP, 10/1/07)
1957        Oct 1, B-52 bombers began full-time flying alert in case of USSR attack.
    (MC, 10/1/01)

1957        Oct 2, The World War II drama "The Bridge on the River Kwai," directed by David Lean, premiered in Britain. The film opened in the United States the following December.
    (AP, 10/2/07)

1957        Oct 3, The comedy series "The Real McCoys" premiered on ABC-TV. Richard Crenna began playing the married Luke on "The Real McCoys." The 6-year series starred Walter Brennan as head of a West Virginia clan that moves to the LA San Fernando Valley.
    (SFC, 1/20/03, p.B4)(AP, 10/3/07)
1957        Oct 3, Willy Brandt was elected mayor of West Berlin.
    (MC, 10/3/01)

1957        Oct 4, The television series "Leave It to Beaver" premiered on CBS. It ended in 1963 after 6 season. Joe Connelly (d.2003 at 85), writer-producer, co-created the show.
    (AP, 10/4/97)(SFC, 2/15/03, p.A25)
1957        Oct 4, The TV series “Trackdown” featured Robert Culp (1930-2010). It was based in part on files of the Texas Rangers. The series continued to 1959.
    (SFC, 3/25/10, p.C3)(www.imdb.com/title/tt0050071/)
1957        Oct 4, Jimmy Hoffa was elected president of the Teamsters Union.
    (AP, 10/4/07)
1957        Oct 4, The Space Age and "space race" began as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik (traveler), the first man-made space satellite. The satellite, built by Valentin Glushko, weighed 184 pounds and was launched by a converted Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Sputnik, developed under the chief scientist Sergei Korolyov, orbited the earth every 96 minutes at a maximum height of 584 miles. The event was timed to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution. In 1958, it reentered the earth's atmosphere and burned up. It was followed by 9 other Sputnik spacecraft.
    (WSJ, 10/7/96, p.B4)(SFC, 8/2/97, p.A12)(SFEC, 9/28/97, p.A14)(WSJ, 10/3/97, p.A8)(AP, 10/4/97)(HN, 10/4/98)(AP, 10/1/07)

1957        Oct 7, A fire in the Windscale plutonium production reactor (later called Sellafield) north of Liverpool, England, spread radioactive iodine and polonium through the countryside and into the Irish Sea. Livestock in the immediate area were destroyed, along with 500,000 gallons of milk. At least 30, and possibly as many as 1,000, cancer deaths were subsequently linked to the accident. PM Harold Macmillan ordered the disaster hushed up.
    (HN, 10/7/00)(Econ, 9/11/04, p.76)(Econ, 10/13/07, p.63)

1957        Oct 8, The Brooklyn Baseball Club announced it was accepting an offer to move the Dodgers from New York to Los Angeles.
    (AP, 10/8/07)
1957        Oct 8, Jack Soble, confessed Soviet spy, was sentenced in NYC to 7 years for espionage.
    (MC, 10/8/01)

1957        Oct 10, President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologized to Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, the finance minister of Ghana, after the official had been refused service in a Dover, Del., restaurant.
    (AP, 10/10/97)
1957        Oct 10, The Milwaukee Braves won the World Series, defeating the New York Yankees in Game 7, 5-0.
    (AP, 10/10/07)
1957        Oct 10, The TV series "Zorro," starring Guy Williams as the masked hero, debuted on ABC.
    (AP, 10/10/07)

1957        Oct 13, CBS-TV broadcast "The Edsel Show," a one-hour live special starring Bing Crosby designed to promote the new, ill-fated Ford automobile. It was the first special to use videotape technology to delay the broadcast to the West Coast.
    (AP, 10/13/07)

1957        Oct 14, Lester Bowles Pearson (1897-1972, former president of the UN General Assembly (1952-1953) and later Canadian PM (1963-1968) won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in defusing the Suez crisis.
    (www.un.org/depts/dhl/deplib/un_milestones.htm)(http://tinyurl.com/ojxcz)

1957        Oct 16, Britain's Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip began a visit to the United States with a stopover at the site of the Jamestown settlement in Virginia.
    (AP, 10/16/07)

1957        Oct 17, The movie "Jailhouse Rock," starring Elvis Presley, had its world premiere in Memphis, Tenn.
    (AP, 10/17/07)
1957        Oct 17, French author Albert Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.
    (WUD, 1994, p.524)(AP, 10/17/97)
1957        Oct 17, Britain's Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip visited the White House.
    (MC, 10/17/01)

1957        Oct 19, "Damn Yankees" closed at 46th St. Theater NYC after 1,022 performances.
    (MC, 10/19/01)

1957          Oct 20, Walter Cronkite began hosting his weekly documentary: “The Twentieth Century.” In 1967 the title was changed to “The Twenty-First Century” and it ran through 1970.
    (www.imdb.com/title/tt0050072/)

1957        Oct 21, The film "Jailhouse Rock" starring Elvis Presley opened.
    (MC, 10/21/01)

1957        Oct 22, Conrad Adenauer was re-elected chancellor of West-Germany.
    (MC, 10/22/01)

1957        Oct 24, Christian Dior (52), French fashion magnate and inventor of the postwar "New Look," died in Italy. He was succeeded by his favorite assistant, Yves Saint Laurent.
    (SFC, 1/9/97, p.E7)(SFC, 6/9/98, p.D3)(MC, 10/24/01)

1957        Oct 25, The movie musical "Pal Joey," starring Frank Sinatra, Rita Hayworth and Kim Novak, was released.
    (AP, 10/25/07)
1957        Oct 25, Mob boss Albert Anastasia, the "Lord High Executioner" of "Murder Inc.," was shot to death in a barber shop inside the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York.
    (AP, 10/25/07)

1957        Oct 26, The Russian government announced that Marshal Georgi Zhukov, the nation’s most prominent military hero, had been relieved of his duties as Minister of Defense. Khrushchev accused Zhukov of promoting his own "cult of personality" and saw him as a threat to his own popularity.
    (AP, 10/26/97)(HN, 10/26/98)
1957        Oct 26, Nicos Kazantzakis (b.1885), writer (The Last Temptation of Christ), died.
    (MC, 10/26/01)

1957        Oct 29, Louis B. Mayer (b.1885), Belarus born MGM producer, died. In 2005 Scott Eyman authored “Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer.”
    (www.answers.com/topic/louis-b-mayer)
1957        Oct 29, Hand grenade exploded in Israel's Knesset (Parliament).
    (MC, 10/29/01)

1957        Oct 31, Jamaica, a musical, opened on Broadway at Imperial Theater. The book was by Yip Harburg and Fred Saidy, lyrics by Harburg, and music by Harold Arlen. Lena Horne (1917-2010) starred in the musical. It continued for 558 performances.
    (Econ, 5/22/10, p.91)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_%28musical%29)

1957        Oct, Pres. Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and ordered them to return to their armories, which effectively removed them from the control of Gov. Faubus.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Faubus)

1957        Nov 1, World longest suspension bridge opened in Mackinac Straits, Mich.
    (MC, 11/1/01)

1957        Nov 2, The 1st titanium mill opened in Toronto, Ohio.
    (MC, 11/2/01)

1957        Nov 3, Canada fired up the National Research Universal (NRU) nuclear reactor near Ottawa. The 200 MWt reactor began producing medical and industrial radioisotopes, including molybdenum-99, a critical isotope used for medical diagnoses.
    (Econ, 6/20/09, p.38)(www.aecl.ca/Science/RR/History.htm)
1957        Nov 3, The Soviet Union launched into orbit Sputnik Two, the second manmade satellite; a dog on board named Laika, the first animal in space, was sacrificed in the experiment. Sputnik 2 remained in orbit another 162 days before burning up. Safe reentry process had not yet been developed.
    (TMC, 1994, p.1957)(AP, 11/3/97)(HN, 11/3/98)
1957        Nov 3, Wilhelm Reich (60), Austria-US psychoanalyst (sexual), died.
    (MC, 11/3/01)

1957        Nov 8, Romance of the Skies, a Pan Am luxury airliner enroute to Hawaii from San Francisco, crashed in the Pacific Ocean. Only a handful of bodies and some wreckage were found. A crew of 6 and 38 passengers had been booked on the flight.
    (SSFC, 11/4/07, p.A1)

1957        Nov 15, US sentenced Soviet spy Rudolf Ivanovich Abel to 30 years and $3,000 fine.
    (MC, 11/15/01)
1957        Nov 15, Soviet Premier Khrushchev asserted Soviet superiority in missiles, challenging the U.S. to a rocket-range shooting match.
    (HN, 11/15/98)

1957        Nov 16, Edward Gein butchered his last victim. Gein, a handyman in Plainfield, Wis., liked to dig up fresh graves, cut the skin off corpses, wear the skin on his own body and dance in the moonlight. He was picked up in this year and evidence showed that he’d been collecting body parts for years. He had skulls on bedposts, a human heart in a saucepan, and a lady out in his barn dressed like a deer. The 1974 film "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" was based on his story.
    (SFC, 5/18/96, p.E-4)(MC, 11/16/01)

1957        Nov 18, Antonin Novotny (1904-1975) was appointed president of Czechoslovakia and served to 1968.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD)

1957        Nov 21, A student strike began at the Central Univ. of Venezuela (UCV) against the electoral fraud of the dictatorship of Marcos Perez Jimenez. This soon led his downfall.
    (WSJ, 11/24/07, p.A12)(www.handsoffvenezuela.org/students_march_referendum.htm)

1957        Nov 25, President Eisenhower suffered a slight stroke. [see Nov 26]
    (AP, 11/25/97)

1957        Nov 26, President Eisenhower suffers a minor stroke. [see Nov 25]
    (HN, 11//99)

1957        Nov 27, Caroline Kennedy-Schlossberg, attorney, JFK & Jackie's daughter, was born.
    (MC, 11/27/01)
1957        Nov 27, Army withdrew from Little Rock, Ark., after Central HS integration.
    (MC, 11/27/01)

1957        Nov 28, "Look Homeward, Angel" with Anthony Perkins premiered in NYC.
    (DT, 11/28/97)

1957        Nov 29, John Coltrane and the Thelonius Monk quartet performed together for a show at Carnegie Hall. Tapes of the performance, recorded by Voice of America, were mislabeled and lost until 2005.
    (SFC, 10/4/05, p.E8)
1957        Nov 29, Erich Wolfgang Korngold (60), Austrian-US composer (Kathrin, sound tracks for Captain Blood, Don Juan), died.
    (MC, 11/29/01)
1957          Nov 29, Adolfas Ramanauskas-Vanagas, born in the US in 1918, was shot to death in Vilnius for partisan activities in southern Lithuania.
    (LHC, 3/6/03)

1957        Nov 30, An assassination attempt on Indonesian Pres. Sukarno killed 8.
    (MC, 11/30/01)

1957        Nov, Gordon Gould (d.2005), a Columbia Univ. doctoral student under Dr. Townes, came up with a process for concentrating visible light as opposed to microwaves of a maser. He was the 1st to use the term laser.
    (Econ, 6/11/05, TQ p.28)
1957        Nov, William E. Schirmer (b.1891), SF Bay Area architect, died in a car crash along with his wife when a drunk driver crossed a center line.
    (SFC, 8/2/08, p.F6)

1957        Dec 2, The Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, the first full-scale commercial nuclear facility to generate electricity in the US, went critical. [see July 12] It was taken out of service in 1982.
    (SSFC, 4/8/07, p.A18)(AP, 12/2/07)

1957        Dec 5, The William Inge play, “The Dark at the Top of the Stairs,” opened at New York's Music Box Theatre and ran for a total of 468 performances, closing on January 17, 1959. It was directed by Elia Kazan. The drama was reworked by Inge from his earlier play, Farther Off from Heaven, first staged in 1947 at Margo Jones' Theatre '47 in Dallas, Texas.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_at_the_Top_of_the_Stairs)
1957        Dec 5, NYC became the 1st city to legislate against racial or religious discrimination in housing market with its Fair Housing Practices Law.
    (MC, 12/5/01)

1957        Dec 6, AFL-CIO members voted to expel the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. The union had been expelled because of racketeering by its executives, including union president Dave Beck and vice president James R. Hoffa. The criminal activity was disclosed during a special Senate committee investigation of racketeering and organized crime in labor-management relations. The Teamsters were readmitted in Oct, 1987, but disaffiliated themselves from the AFL-CIO in 2005.
    (HNQ, 1/8/99)(AP, 12/6/07)
1957        Dec 6, America's first attempt at putting a satellite into orbit failed as Vanguard TV3 rose only about four feet off a Cape Canaveral, Fla., launch pad before crashing back down and exploding.
    (AP, 12/6/08)

1957        Dec 9, Japan [announced?] its 1st ambassador to Israel.
    (MC, 12/9/01)

1957        Dec 11, The movie "Peyton Place," based on the novel by Grace Metalious, had its world premiere in Camden, Maine, where most of it had been filmed.
    (AP, 12/11/07)

1957        Dec 17, The United States successfully test-fired the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile for the first time.
    (AP, 12/17/97)

1957        Dec 18, Alex Guinness, William Holden and Jack Hawkins starred in the film "Bridge on the River Kwai." It premiered at the RKO Palace Theater in New York City and later won multiple Oscars.
    (WSJ, 2/27/96, p.A19)(SFEC, 9/8/96, DB p.8)(AP, 12/18/97)
1957        Dec 18, The Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, the first nuclear facility to generate electricity in the United States, went on line [see July 12].
    (AP, 12/18/07)

1957        Dec 19, The musical play "The Music Man," starring Robert Preston, with book and songs by Meredith Willson, opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theater for 1,375 performances. Mason City, Iowa, Willson's home town, unveiled Music Man Square in 2002
    (AP, 12/19/97)(MC, 12/19/01)(SSFC, 3/14/04, p.D12)

1957        Dec 20, Elvis Presley was given a draft notice to join US Army for National Service.
    (MC, 12/20/01)

1957        Dec 25, Frederick Law Olmsted (87), US architect (Central Park, NYC), died.
    (MC, 12/25/01)
1957        Dec 25, Ramdane Abane (b.1920), Algerian Berber revolutionary leader, was assassinated in Morocco.
    (www.amazighworld.org/history/personalities/ramdane_abane.php)(SFC, 6/28/08, p.E2)

1957        Dec 26, Yhe Ingmar Bergman film "Wild Strawberries," starring Victor Sjostrom, opened in Sweden.
    (AP, 12/26/07)

1957        Dec 29, Singers Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme were married in Las Vegas.
    (AP, 12/29/97)

source: http://timelines.ws/20thcent/1957.HTML